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This digital document is an article from The Crusades Reference Library, brought to you by Gale , a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses. The length of the article is 2655 words. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. The Crusades Reference Library covers everything from the First Crusade (1095-99) through the Ninth Crusade (1271-72). The Almanac discusses the conquering of Jerusalem by the caliph Umar, pilgrimages to the Holy Land, the traditions of chivalry, Shiites and Sunnis, territorial expansion and colonization as motivations for the crusades, Knights Hospitalers and Knights Templars, and more. Biographies explores key figures such as Pope Urban II, Saladin, Pope Innocent III, Peter the Hermit, Richard I of England, Frederick I of Germany, Francis of Assisi, Stephen of Cloyes, and others.
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